手术治疗主要用于去除瘤灶，达到治疗的目的，同时也适用于癌症的预防、诊断、 分期、术后结构重建与功能康复等。这种方法不存在生物抵抗性；无潜在致癌可能； 不受肿瘤差异性影响；能提供准确的病理分期及组织学类型；适用于大部分未扩散 的肿瘤。但是会破坏正常组织；可有手术并发症，可致畸形、影响正常功能，甚至 危及生命；已有转移者，不能完全治愈；重要器官无法彻底切除。
穿孔：以胃肠癌症多见，为瘤细胞破坏消化管壁所致，要尽快进行修补术或肿瘤局部切除。
A mutation within the mistake-correcting machinery of a mobile may possibly cause that cell and its young children to accumulate errors a lot more rapidly.
天生的基因突变。您天生可能就有继承自父母的基因突变。这种突变占癌症的一小部分。
内分泌腺切除术：适用于依赖激素生长的癌症，如：乳腺癌可切除卵巢、脑垂体等，前列腺癌切除睾丸，现已少用。
物理致癌物，例如紫外线和电离辐射；而异物刺激、创伤、慢性炎症等会促进恶变进程。
隨機臨床實驗也有許多的實際施行的困難，特別是在食物及維生素的試驗上。防癌食物十字花科之作用機轉： 含有吲哚類（indoles），可有效減少乳癌及卵巢癌發生機率，另外含硫代配醣體可活化肝臟解毒酵素，抑制自由基傷害細胞。 來源：花椰菜、油菜、芥藍菜、 雪裡紅、高麗菜、芥菜、大白菜、小白菜、青江菜、白蘿蔔。
The main element innovation right here lies in the usage of protein cage nanoparticle-based mostly units. These units are engineered to hold indicators that entice NK cells directly to the tumor, beating among the list of important troubles in cancer immunotherapy: making certain which the immune cells obtain and attack just the cancer cells without the need of harming balanced tissue.
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確診為癌症後就要進一步做癌症屬於哪一期之分期檢查，觀察是否有轉移，並定期追蹤以免癌症復發，以便醫師擬定治療方向。（延伸閱讀：癌症診斷的目的與方法）
除了切除原發性腫瘤之外，癌症的病程分期（英语：staging）也需要手術的協助。例如，確定腫瘤惡化的程度與是否發生淋巴結轉移。病程分期主要可用來推測預後和是否需要實行輔助治療（英语：adjuvant therapy）。有時手術也被用來控制症狀以減輕病人痛苦，如脊髓壓迫或腸阻塞，稱為紓緩治療。
Disruption of one gene might also final result from integration of genomic substance from the DNA virus or retrovirus, 癌症 leading to the expression of viral oncogenes during the influenced cell and its descendants.
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An invasive ductal carcinoma from the breast (pale spot at the center) surrounded by spikes of whitish scar tissue and yellow fatty tissue